In June 2020, amid a global pandemic and economic paralysis, Indian and Chinese troops clashed violently in Ladakh’s Galwan Valley. The confrontation — the deadliest between the two sides in more than half a century — was not an accident of patrol routes or miscommunication. It was the culmination of a strategic continuum that began…

For much of the twentieth century, China presented itself as a champion of peace and anti-imperialism, yet its conduct toward India tells a different story — one of convenience, opportunism, and selective fidelity to international commitments. From the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in 1954 to the confidence-building agreements of the post-Cold War period, Beijing’s…

In October 1962, while the world’s attention was fixed on the nuclear brinkmanship between Washington and Moscow, another crisis was unfolding in the Himalayas. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) launched a surprise assault across India’s northern frontier, turning a festering border dispute into a full-scale war. For India,…